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  In Java, classes, enums, and interfaces are fundamental building blocks for organizing and defining the structure of your code. Each serves a distinct purpose and offers different capabilities. Class: A class in Java is a blueprint for creating objects. It encapsulates data for the object and defines methods to manipulate that data. Here are some key features of classes: Encapsulation: Classes in Java support encapsulation, which means they encapsulate data and behavior together. This allows data to be hidden and accessed only through methods defined in the class, ensuring data integrity and security. Abstraction: Classes provide abstraction by hiding the implementation details of their methods and exposing only the essential features. This simplifies the usage of objects by hiding unnecessary complexity. Inheritance: Classes can inherit fields and methods from other classes, enabling code reuse and creating a hierarchy of classes. Polymorphism: Classes support polymorphism, ...

Records were introduced in Java 14 as a preview feature and became a permanent feature starting from Java 16. They provide a concise way to declare classes that are essentially immutable data carriers. Records can be used to model data-centric classes without the boilerplate associated with traditional Java classes. Key Features of Records: Immutable Data: Record instances are immutable by default, meaning their state cannot be modified once they are created. This immutability is achieved by making the components (fields) of a record final . Automatic Accessors: Records automatically generate accessor methods (getters) for their components, allowing easy retrieval of field values. Compact Syntax: Records have a concise syntax for defining data-centric classes, reducing the amount of boilerplate code required. equals() and hashCode() : Records automatically generate equals() and hashCode() methods based on their components. These methods provide value-based equality semantics, co...

  In Java, the Object class provides default implementations for the toString() , hashCode() , and equals() methods. These default implementations are inherited by all Java classes unless explicitly overridden. Default Implementation of toString() The default implementation of the toString() method in the Object class returns a string that consists of the class name followed by the "@" character and the object's hash code in hexadecimal format. For example, if the class name is Person and the object's hash code is 12345 , the default toString() representation would be "Person@12345" . Default Implementation of hashCode() The default implementation of the hashCode() method in the Object class returns an integer hash code value based on the memory address of the object. This means that two objects that are not the same instance will generally have different hash codes, even if they are considered equal according to the equals() method. Default Impleme...