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 JUnit and Mockito are popular frameworks used for testing Java applications.   Junit is the unit testing framework in java created by Eric Gamma and Kent Beck. It allows programmers to write unit tests for methods to verify that they meet the required functionality. It is one of the most widely used testing frameworks, providing annotations to identify methods that specify a test, setup, teardown, etc. It integrates well with most build tools and IDEs. (API is org.junit) Explanation: JUnit Platform : This is the foundation on which testing frameworks, including JUnit Jupiter and others, are built. The JUnit Platform provides a launcher API for discovering and executing tests, which can be used by IDEs, build tools, and other testing frameworks. Engine : Within the JUnit Platform, a test engine is a component that is responsible for discovering and executing tests for a specific testing framework. For example, JUnit Jupiter is the test engine for JUnit 5. Key Points:...

 The Java Collections Framework provides a comprehensive set of interfaces, implementations, and algorithms to work with collections of objects in Java. It offers a unified architecture for representing and manipulating collections, making it easier to work with data structures in Java programs. The Collections Framework is a fundamental part of Java programming and is widely used in various applications ranging from simple data manipulation tasks to complex algorithms and data processing pipelines.  Key components of the Collections Framework: Interfaces Collection : The root interface of the Collections Framework hierarchy. Represents a group of objects, known as elements. Subinterfaces include List , Set , and Queue . List : Represents an ordered collection of elements where duplicate elements are allowed. Allows elements to be accessed and inserted by index. Implementations include ArrayList , LinkedList , and Vector . Set : Represents a collection of unique elements ...

Code reviews can be performed using automated tools like SonarQube in conjunction with manual code reviews to ensure comprehensive coverage and high code quality. Using SonarQube for Automated Code Reviews   SonarQube is an open-source platform designed for continuous inspection of code quality. It performs automatic reviews with static analysis of code to detect bugs, code smells, and security vulnerabilities on multiple programming languages. SonarQube integrates into the continuous integration pipeline to ensure code quality and security are maintained over time. Key Features Code Quality Analysis: Static Code Analysis: Identifies issues in code without executing it, such as bugs, code smells, and security vulnerabilities. Technical Debt Measurement: Estimates the effort required to fix issues and improve code quality. Quality Gates: Establishes a set of conditions that must be met for code to be considered acceptable. Multiple Language Support: Supports over 25 programming l...

  Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects," which can contain data and code. Here are the four main principles of OOP in detail: 1. Encapsulation Encapsulation is the technique of bundling the data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, typically a class. It also involves restricting direct access to some of an object's components, which is a means of preventing unintended interference and misuse of the methods and data. Access Modifiers: Private: The member is accessible only within the same class. Protected: The member is accessible within the same package and subclasses. Public: The member is accessible from any other class. Default (Package-Private): The member is accessible only within its own package. Benefits: Control: Provides control over the data by restricting access and modification. Security: Protects the internal state of an object. Maintainability: Mak...