ACID

 ACID is an acronym that stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. It represents a set of properties that guarantee the reliability and consistency of transactions in database systems. Here's a brief explanation of each component:

  • Atomicity: Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. This means that either all operations within the transaction are successfully completed and committed to the database, or none of them are. If any part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction is rolled back, and the database is left unchanged.
  • Consistency: Consistency ensures that the database remains in a valid state before and after the execution of a transaction. In other words, the integrity constraints and business rules defined for the database are always enforced, and the data remains consistent even in the presence of failures or concurrent transactions.
  • Isolation: Isolation ensures that the operations performed by one transaction are isolated from the operations performed by other concurrent transactions. Each transaction operates as if it is the only transaction running on the database, preventing interference or conflicts between concurrent transactions. Isolation levels define the degree to which transactions are isolated from each other, ranging from lower levels of isolation (e.g., Read Uncommitted) to higher levels (e.g., Serializable).
  • Durability: Durability guarantees that once a transaction is committed, its effects are permanently stored in the database and will survive system failures, crashes, or restarts. This means that even in the event of a power outage or hardware failure, the changes made by committed transactions will not be lost and can be recovered when the system comes back online.

Together, these four properties ensure the reliability, integrity, and durability of database transactions, allowing database systems to maintain data consistency and recoverability in the face of various failures or concurrent access by multiple users. ACID compliance is a fundamental requirement for transactional databases, particularly in scenarios where data integrity and reliability are critical, such as financial systems, e-commerce platforms, and enterprise applications.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Transform values with a stream

The goal is to transform an array of numbers into a comma-delimited string using functional programming. The code snippet you provided has a minor issue: String.join(",", strings[0]) is incorrect because it tries to join a single element ( strings[0] ) rather than all elements in the strings array. Here's the corrected code for the transformValues method: import java.util.Arrays; class Answer {     // Change these boolean values to control whether you see      // the expected answer and/or hints.     static boolean showExpectedResult = true;     static boolean showHints = true;     // Transform an array of numbers into a comma-delimited list     // using functional programming.     static String transformValues(int[] numbers) {         // Convert the int array to a stream of integers         // Map each integer to its String representation         // ...
Read more

Collections Framework

 The Java Collections Framework provides a comprehensive set of interfaces, implementations, and algorithms to work with collections of objects in Java. It offers a unified architecture for representing and manipulating collections, making it easier to work with data structures in Java programs. The Collections Framework is a fundamental part of Java programming and is widely used in various applications ranging from simple data manipulation tasks to complex algorithms and data processing pipelines.  Key components of the Collections Framework: Interfaces Collection : The root interface of the Collections Framework hierarchy. Represents a group of objects, known as elements. Subinterfaces include List , Set , and Queue . List : Represents an ordered collection of elements where duplicate elements are allowed. Allows elements to be accessed and inserted by index. Implementations include ArrayList , LinkedList , and Vector . Set : Represents a collection of unique elements ...
Read more

Inspect a collection

Calculate the cart total  import java.util.List; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference; public class Main {     public static void main(String[] args) {         List<Item> items = List.of(             new Item("Item1", 10.0f, 2),             new Item("Item2", 5.0f, 4),             new Item("Item3", 20.0f, 1)         );         float total = getCartTotal(items);         System.out.println("Cart Total: " + total);  // Output: Cart Total: 60.0     }     static float getCartTotal(List<Item> items) {         AtomicReference<Float> total = new AtomicReference<>(0.0f);         items.forEach(item -> {             total.updateAndGet(v -> v + item.getQuantity() * item.getPrice())...
Read more