Java wrapper classes provide a convenient and efficient way to work with primitive data types. They offer advantages such as encapsulation, type conversion, autoboxing and unboxing, utility methods, thread safety, and immutability.
The Luhn Algorithm, also known as the modulus 10 or mod 10 algorithm, is a simple checksum formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers, such as credit card numbers. It helps to detect accidental errors in the input data. Here's a step-by-step explanation of the Luhn Algorithm: Consider the example of an account number “ 79927398713 “. Starting from the rightmost digit and moving left, double the value of every second digit. If the doubling results in a number greater than 9, then add the two digits. Second digits from right most are 1, 8, 3, 2, 9 Doubling those digits give 2, 16, 6, 4, 18 Adding double digits give 2, 7, 6, 4, 9 Sum all the digits, including both the untouched digits and the doubled digits. Hence sum is 7 + 9 + 9 + 4 + 7 + 6 + 9 + 7 + 7 + 2 + 3 = 70 If the total modulo 10 is equal to 0, then the number is valid according to the Luhn Algorithm. ...
JWT (JSON Web Token) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object and are typically used to authenticate and authorize users in web applications. Here's an overview of JWT and its components: Structure of a JWT A JWT consists of three parts: Header Payload Signature These parts are separated by dots ( . ), forming a string that looks like this: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c 1. Header The header typically consists of two parts: the type of token (which is JWT) and the signing algorithm being used, such as HMAC SHA256 or RSA. Example: json { "alg" : "HS256" , "typ" : "JWT" } This JSON is Base64Url encoded to form the first part of the JWT. 2. Payload The payload contains the claims, which are statements about an entit...
The key concepts related to security in computing: hashing, symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, digital signatures, SSL/TLS protocol flow, and OAuth 2.0 flow. 1. Hashing Purpose : Hashing is a one-way function used to convert data into a fixed-size hash value, which is typically used for data integrity verification. Characteristics : Deterministic: The same input always produces the same output. Irreversible: It should be computationally infeasible to reverse the hash to retrieve the original data. Collision-resistant: Two different inputs should not produce the same hash output (though some algorithms like MD5 and SHA-1 are now considered weak). Common Algorithms : MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3. 2. Symmetric Encryption Purpose : Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption, making it efficient but requiring secure key distribution. Use Cases : Encrypting data at rest, encrypting data in transit (e.g., SSL/TLS), and securing communication channel...
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